A2L refrigerants: myths to debunk and guidelines for safe use

A2L refrigerants , characterised by low flammability and low global warming potential (GWP) , are taking on an increasingly central role in the ecological transition of the refrigeration and air conditioning sector.

They find application in numerous fields, from residential and light commercial air conditioning to heat pumps , from small chillers to commercial refrigeration systems , thanks to their balance between efficiency, safety and sustainability.

The regulatory push to phase out high-GWP refrigerants has accelerated their widespread use, but many misconceptions still persist around A2L refrigerants. Understanding what truly distinguishes them and the advantages they offer allows designers, installers, and refrigeration technicians to use them wisely, even in retrofit projects for existing systems.

Technical features and safety requirements

Unlike highly flammable gases, A2L gases fall into the low flammability safety class .

They are not explosive substances and, if managed in compliance with current technical regulations (EN 378, ISO 817) , offer a level of safety comparable to that of traditional refrigerants.

Requirements for charge limits, leak detection systems, and room ventilation ensure reliable operating conditions even in sensitive environments, such as small-scale cold rooms, refrigerated counters, or closed rooms.

Furthermore, the density and thermodynamic properties of A2L allow for good energy performance and a significant reduction in climate-altering emissions compared to the most common HFC gases.

False myths and interpretations to overcome

There are still some misconceptions circulating about A2L refrigerants, often linked to a partial knowledge of the legislation or a lack of training of technical personnel.

Among the most common:

• “ A2Ls require a complete replacement of the system. ” In reality, in most cases it is sufficient to adapt some components, such as safety devices and leak detectors, without having to rebuild the system.
• “ They are more dangerous and difficult to manage. ” If properly designed and maintained, A2L systems pose no greater risks than those using traditional refrigerants. The key is staff training and compliance with procedures.
• “ They cannot be used indoors. ” On the contrary, their use is perfectly compatible with internal spaces, as long as the charge limits and ventilation conditions required by the regulations are respected.

Opportunities, challenges and prospects for the refrigeration supply chain

The adoption of A2L refrigerants represents a strategic choice for the sector, both from a technical and regulatory point of view.

Key benefits include:

• reduction of the overall GWP of the installed base;
• alignment with F-Gas legislation and European emission reduction targets;
• immediate availability of commercial solutions and compatible components.

However, there is no shortage of challenges : constant updating of technical skills, the adoption of updated safety protocols and the selection of certified components compliant with new specifications are required.

Although the initial investment may be higher, the benefits in terms of sustainability, energy efficiency , and competitive positioning make A2L a long-term solution for a sector called upon to combine innovation and environmental responsibility.